Explain the achievements of the Portuguese and Spanish during the Age of Exploration and their influence on non-European civilizations.

result of the incas claiming exclusive right over numerous traditional routes, some of which had been constructed centuries earlier mostly by the wari empire

attacks by the seljuk. a devastating blow to the entire byzantine world was dealt by christian crusaders from the west. the venetians were eager to destroy byzantine power and offered the crusaders money, ships, and part of the spoils of war.

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the russian revolution of 1917 involved the collapse of an empire under tsar nicholas ii and the rise of marxian socialism under lenin and his bolsheviks.