How did some Jews manage to
keep their
hope
during those dark times?

Jews celebrated Hanukkah during the Holocaust.

Explanation:

In late 1942, someone stole an enormous block of wood from the Nazis running the camp. Into it, they carved a magnificent hanukkiah—the special menorah lit at Hanukkah—with nine candle holders and a Star of David. For most of the year, the menorah stood concealed. Germans forbid celebrating Jewish holidays or teaching adolescents about Judaism, but once a year, usually in the depths of December, Jews brought it forth.

whose power in the senate is equal to the power of the speaker of the house?

small european communities with shared traditions consolidated into large new states (apex)