How have petro-economics shaped the Middle East?
A. Abundant oil wealth has funded extensive reforms of social and political systems in Middle Eastern states.
B. Arab nations have consolidated their power by negotiating the purchase of oil rights in neighboring regions.
C. Economic competition among Middle Eastern states to be the top oil producer often becomes bitter.
D. Battles over the region’s oil reserves have fueled international conflicts that still affect global politics.

A

Explanation:

There are a lots of reform been funded by Arabs along side promotion of certain groups reckoned as treats to world peace.

a. "how old man winter was driven back” and “ormuzd and arimanes"

8 - (2a + 7) = a + 40     distribute/multiply - into (2a + 7)

8 - 2a - 7 = a + 40

1 - 2a = a + 40       add 2a on both sides

1 = 3a + 40         subtract 40 on both sides

-39 = 3a       divide 3 on both sides

-13 = a

[proof]

8 - (2a + 7) = a + 40

8 - (2(-13) + 7) = -13 + 40

8 - (-26 + 7) = 27

8 - (-19) = 27

8 + 19 = 27

27 = 27