How was charlemagne a stabilizing or steadying force in Western Europe?

Which option best describes how the printing press transformed european society? (a) prior to the printing press, the catholic church hand-copied texts and disseminated them to peasants. (b) prior to the printing press, the church of england did not allow peasants to learn to read. (c) prior to the printing press, the orthodox church recited luther’s “95 theses” aloud to peasants. (d) prior to the printing press, knowledge was reserved primarily for nobles and clergy.

When this was published in early 1776, many american colonists became convinced that they should act to form a new kind of nation independent from the rule of britain's "cruel" courts

President franklin d. roosevelt was born in 1882 in new york. which number on the map represents the state of new york?