In a response of at least three paragraphs, compare and contrast the independence movements of India, Latin America, and the United States. Be sure to discuss how independence was achieved and what the results of each were.

Out of the three movements, the independence of India was the one that required the least amount of fighting. India achieved its independence in a peaceful manner through the adoption of the ideas of civil disobedience. However, although the process of independence was initially peaceful and led to a straight-forward retreat of the British, its aftermath was more complicated. In the aftermath of independence, India was fragmented into India and Pakistan, with Bangladesh separating from Pakistan later on.

In the case of Latin America, there were several movements that took place at different times. However, several of this were unified thanks to the figure of Simon Bolivar. The conflicts that took place were a lot more violent than those of India. Moreover, fragmentation was also more significant, as these resulted in the creation of several new countries.

Finally, the independence of the United States took place much earlier than these other independence movements. The independence of the Thirteen Colonies was one of the earliest movements for independence to take place. However, it did not lead to the creation of a country. Instead, it led to the creation of a union or a confederacy of several separate colonies, united through some common ties and documents, such as the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation.

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from thales, who is often considered the first western philosopher, to the stoics and skeptics, ancient greek philosophy opened the doors to a particular way of thinking that provided the roots for the western intellectual tradition. here, there is often an explicit preference for the life of reason and rational thought. we find proto-scientific explanations of the natural world in the milesian thinkers, and we hear democritus posit atoms—indivisible and invisible units—as the basic stuff of all matter. with socrates comes a sustained inquiry into ethical matters—an orientation towards human living and the best life for human beings. with plato comes one of the most creative and flexible ways of doing philosophy, which some have since attempted to imitate by writing philosophical dialogues covering topics still of interest today in ethics, political thought, metaphysics, and epistemology. plato’s student, aristotle, was one of the most prolific of ancient authors. he wrote treatises on each of these topics, as well as on the investigation of the natural world, including the composition of animals. the hellenists—epicurus, the cynics, the stoics, and the skeptics—developed schools or movements devoted to distinct philosophical lifestyles, each with reason at its foundation.

with this preference for reason came a critique of traditional ways of living, believing, and thinking, which sometimes caused political trouble for the philosophers themselves. xenophanes directly challenged the traditional anthropomorphic depiction of the gods, and socrates was put to death for allegedly inventing new gods and not believing in the gods mandated by the city of athens. after the fall of alexander the great, and because of aristotle’s ties with alexander and his court, aristotle escaped the same fate as socrates by fleeing athens. epicurus, like xenophanes, claimed that the mass of people is impious, since the people conceive of the gods as little more than superhumans, even though human characteristics cannot appropriately be ascribed to the gods. in short, not only did ancient greek philosophy pave the way for the western intellectual tradition, including modern science, but it also shook cultural foundations in its own time.