“Passive resistance is a method of securing rights by personal suffering; it is the reverse of resistance by arms. When I refuse to do a thing that is repugnant to my conscience, I use soul- force. For instance, the Government of the day has passed a law which is applicable to me. I do not like it. If by using violence I force the Government to repeal the law, I am employing what may be termed body-force. If I do not obey the law and accept the penalty for its breach, I use soul-force. It involves sacrifice of self.”
- Gandhi on Hind Swaraj (Indian Home Rule) and passive resistance, c. 1945
A. Explain the historical context to the document above.
B. Identify and explain ONE specific example from Africa where passive resistance was
used in a decolonization effort between 1945 and 1980.
C. Identify and explain ONE specific example from either Africa or Asia where violent
armed struggle was used in a decolonization effort between 1945 and 1980.