Determine whether each item describes a cause of feudalism or characteristic of the system of feudalism. (Basically which of the options are the causes of feudalism or the characteristics of feudalism).

1. The king gave land grants to Nobles for providing knights for wars.
2. The Roman empire fell when the last emperor stepped down.
3. People of needed safety and protection.
4. People were born into a social class.
5. People turn to the Catholic Church for spiritual direction.

Explanation:

1. This is a characteristic and cause of feudalism. Mostly a cause. Because when the king gave land to nobles, they began to give land to their knights. The knights then gave land to their knights (vassals). Meaning that the Noble's knights just became a Lord. This kept going and going, creating a very complex system.

2. This was a cause of feudalism because then the germanic invaders came, leading people to need protection.

3. This is a cause, as described above.

4. This is a characteristic of feudalism. There was very little upward mobility in the Middle Ages. Meaning, if you were born a serf- you stayed as a serf.

5. This was a characteristic of feudalism. The Middle Ages were called the Dark Ages for a reason. People looked to Heaven and Hell to explain life- not science.

to reform the distraught soviet union, the democratization of the communist party was promoted through party secretary mikhail gorbachev's policies of “perestroika” and “glasnost.” perestroika refers to the reconstruction of the political and economic system established by the communist party.

answer:   migrations were important in the neolithic period. "two major migrations passing through southeastern europe were confirmed by the means of archaeo-genetic studies."

the first migration was the early neolithic period -- 6,000 before common era (bce) -- when the first farmers, from anatolia -- asia minor -- spread through europe. the second migration occurred during the early bronze age (3,000-2,500 bce) when the so-called "steppe population," from the eurasian steppe, replaced much of northern europe's previous population.

the first farmers of northern and western europe passed through southeastern europe with limited hunter-gatherer genetic admixture, which occurs when two or more previously isolated populations begin interbreeding. however, some groups that remained mixed extensively -- without the male-biased, hunter-gatherer admixture that prevailed later in the north and west, according to latest discoveries. southeastern europe continued to be a nexus between east and west, with intermittent genetic contact with the steppe people up to 2,000 years before the migrations that replaced much of northern europe's population.

"in some places, hunter-gatherers and incoming farmers seem to have mixed very quickly," says iain mathieson, a geneticist at the university of pennsylvania, who was first author of the paper. "but, mostly, the two groups remained isolated, at least for the first few hundred years. these hunter-gatherers had been living there for thousands of years, and it must have been quite a shock to have these new people show up -- with a completely different lifestyle and appearance."