What were Booker T. Washington's views about establishing racial equality?

Washington believed that it was economic independence and the ability to show themselves as productive members of society that would eventually lead blacks to true equality and that they should for the time being set aside any demands for civil rights.

He urged blacks to accept discrimination for the time being and concentrate on elevating themselves through hard work and material prosperity.

in 1897, pershing became a tactical officer at west point, and that's where he was given the nickname "black jack." pershing's first name is "john," for which "jack" is a nickname, and he was a white man who commanded black troops. hence "black jack".