When did people like Galileo and Isaac Newton begin to use science and reason to explain the world?

Whilst Galileo did not propose his own model of the Universe, his observational, experimental and theoretical work provided the conclusive evidence need to overthrow the Aristotelian-Ptolemaic system. His work on forces was to help Newton develop his dynamics. Galileo died in 1642, the year that Newton was born.

the of atp are the key to its ability to store and supply energy;

phosphate

the phosphate groups of atp are the key to its ability to store and supply energy. atp releases energy when it breaks bonds between its phosphate groups.