How did
the papacy and the Catholic
Church respond to the rise of
Italian nationalism?

“The Council of Trent (1545 — 1563) was the Catholic Church's response to the Reformation. ... In response to this, the Roman Catholic church convened the Council of Trent in November of 1544 in an attempt to counter the doctrines raised and supported by the Reformers. The official opening of the council was on Dec.” - google

In my honest opinion , i’d say franklin d roosevelt was a president that impacted our nation , i say this because fdr is voted among top three best us presidents and he was the longest serving president by 3 terms , usually presidents only supposed to have two terms increments of 4 years , equivalent to 8 years total before election time. and he established the fdic , through the 1933 banking act and he established the us , social security system , during his presidency, and established a national minimum wage , through the fair labor standards act , fdr led the allied coalition to victory in wwii and he played a major role in the creation of the united nations.