How does discretionary authority promote bureaucratic independence?

Why do federal agencies have discretionary authority?

How does rule making increase the power of the bureaucracy?

How did the church gain secular power? a) monks forced massive numbers of people to convert through fear of punishment. b) the church issued interdicts, laws passed by the church regardless of secular law. c) the church's power to deny the sacraments gave the church power over christians. d) canon law established secular courts under the control of the church.