For this discussion, we look at Liu Xiang’s Biographies of Exemplary Women. Liu Xiang (79 BCE-8 BCE) (Lee-oh shee-awng) was an important scholar who lived during the Han Dynasty. He was a member of the imperial family. During the Han Dynasty, the government and its officials promoted Confucian moral education for both men and women. Liu wrote this book specifically for the moral education of women, and it is the earliest extant (yet existing) book devoted to this purpose. Liu believed that by gathering stories from earlier works about women who exemplified Confucian virtues in their lives, other women would be inspired to follow their example and therefore to cultivate these virtues. Indeed, Liu’s work was used in earlier times in China to educate young women.

To learn about the historical background, be sure to read about Confucius and Confucianism in our book (pp. 127-129) as well as the Han Dynasty (pp. 134-138). Then look at (and read!) a selection of these biographies included in the chapter on “The Principled and Righteous.”

For this discussion, in approximately 250 words, please choose three biographies from Liu Xiang’s Biographies of Exemplary Women, and then address these issues:

Why do you think they were included as examples of exemplary women? What is the lesson to be learned?
Liu Xiang placed these biographies in the category of “Principled and Righteous.” Why do you think he considered them to be principled and righteous?
Do these biographies illustrate Confucian values? How so?

1. international: struggle for hegemony and empire outstrips the fiscal resources of the state

2. political conflict: conflict between the monarchy and the nobility over the “reform” of the tax system led to paralysis and bankruptcy.

3. the enlightenment: impulse for reform intensifies political conflicts; reinforces traditional aristocratic constitutionalism, one variant of which was laid out in montequieu’s spirit of the laws; introduces new notions of good government, the most radical being popular sovereignty, as in rousseau’s social contract [1762]; the attack on the regime and privileged class by the literary underground of “grub street; ” the broadening influence of public opinion.

4. social antagonisms between two rising groups: the aristocracy and the bourgeoisie

5. ineffective ruler: louis xvi

6. economic hardship, especially the agrarian crisis of 1788-89 generates popular discontent and disorders caused by food shortages.

the answer is d. tariffs were raised by america's trading partners after the smoot-hawley tariff act, decreasing exports, and declining job rates.

folds are formed when heat and pressure is applied to the rock. the higher the temperature, the more pliable rocks become. folds are more likely to occur when the deformation caused by the compression is applied slowly. faults are defined as the displacement of rock that were once connected along a fault line.

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