Define and compare the individualistic hypothesis of h. a. gleason and the interactive hypothesis of ee. clements with respect to communities.

Methodological individualism is a method widely used in the social sciences, argues that all social phenomena - structure and changes - are in principle explainable by individual elements, that is, by the properties of individuals, such as their goals, their beliefs And his actions. Its defenders see it as a philosophy-method aimed at explaining and broadly understanding the evolution of the whole society as the aggregate of the decisions of individuals. In principle it is a reductionism, that is, a reduction of the explanation of all the large entities with references in the smaller ones.

Methodological individualism denies that a collective is an autonomous organism that makes decisions, and demands that the social sciences base their theories on individual action.1 This idea has also been used to attack, among other ideas, historicism, functionalism structuralist, 'sociologism' or belief that social class functions, gender roles, or ethnicity as determinants of individual behavior

Hypothesis tests are statistical procedures that evaluate two mutually exclusive statements about a population.

These two statements are called the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis. They are always stated about the attributes of the population, such as the value of a parameter, the difference between the corresponding parameters of various populations or the type of distribution that best describes the population. A hypothesis test uses sample data to determine which statement is best supported by the data.

A hypothesis test can answer questions such as the following:

Is the average time to complete a Tangram game less than 2 minutes?

Is the average completion time of a different game for men and women?

Do science and engineering students complete games faster than other students?

arresting and exicuting citizens

from thales, who is often considered the first western philosopher, to the stoics and skeptics, ancient greek philosophy opened the doors to a particular way of thinking that provided the roots for the western intellectual tradition. here, there is often an explicit preference for the life of reason and rational thought. we find proto-scientific explanations of the natural world in the milesian thinkers, and we hear democritus posit atoms—indivisible and invisible units—as the basic stuff of all matter. with socrates comes a sustained inquiry into ethical matters—an orientation towards human living and the best life for human beings. with plato comes one of the most creative and flexible ways of doing philosophy, which some have since attempted to imitate by writing philosophical dialogues covering topics still of interest today in ethics, political thought, metaphysics, and epistemology. plato’s student, aristotle, was one of the most prolific of ancient authors. he wrote treatises on each of these topics, as well as on the investigation of the natural world, including the composition of animals. the hellenists—epicurus, the cynics, the stoics, and the skeptics—developed schools or movements devoted to distinct philosophical lifestyles, each with reason at its foundation.

with this preference for reason came a critique of traditional ways of living, believing, and thinking, which sometimes caused political trouble for the philosophers themselves. xenophanes directly challenged the traditional anthropomorphic depiction of the gods, and socrates was put to death for allegedly inventing new gods and not believing in the gods mandated by the city of athens. after the fall of alexander the great, and because of aristotle’s ties with alexander and his court, aristotle escaped the same fate as socrates by fleeing athens. epicurus, like xenophanes, claimed that the mass of people is impious, since the people conceive of the gods as little more than superhumans, even though human characteristics cannot appropriately be ascribed to the gods. in short, not only did ancient greek philosophy pave the way for the western intellectual tradition, including modern science, but it also shook cultural foundations in its own time.