"i have already observed that universal suffrage has been adopted in all the states of the union; i have had opportunities of observing its effects in different localities and among races of men who are nearly strangers to each other in their language, their religion, and their modes of life; in louisiana as well as in new england, in georgia as in canada. i have remarked that universal suffrage is far from producing in america either all the good or all the evil consequences which may be expected from it in europe, and that its effects generally differ very much from those which are attributed to it."

- excerpt from democracy in america, alexis de tocqueville, (1831) book 1, chapter 13
using the passage, what is incorrect about de tocqueville's conclusion?
a) america was not a direct democracy.
b) the electoral college determines the president.
c) the 15th and 19th amendments had not been passed yet.
d) the 13th and 18th amendments had not been passed yet.