All of the following were considered members of the third estate except

a. wealthy merchants.
b. peasants.
c. the urban poor.
d. nuns.
e. guild masters.

Option: D. Nuns.

Explanation:

Estates were part of the old hierarchical order in society in Europe during the feudal period (Medieval Age). The first two estates: aristocrats and clergy, enjoyed the privilege in the country by holding power and not paying taxes. The third estate is known for its bourgeoisie class, peasants who paid all the taxes and had little privileges in the society. Nuns were part of the First estates which came under the clergy group.  

#2 the answer is d

#3 the answer is a

#4 the answer is b

superior technology and improved medical knowledge to foster imperialism. quinine enabled europeans

to survive tropical diseases and venture into the mosquito-infested interiors of africa and asia. the combination

of the steamboat and the telegraph enabled the western powers to increase their mobility and to quickly respond

to any situations that threatened their dominance. the rapid-fire machine gun also gave them a military advantage

and was in convincing africans and asians to accept western control. the following table summarizes the

causes of the new imperialism:

causes of new imperialism

economic military/political humanitarian/religious technological

need for markets need for military bases white man’s burden new medicine

raw materials national security spread of christianity new weapons

source of investments source of

pride—nationalism

social darwinism

(superiority of western

society)

transportation

i