Which of the following was a major reason that italy was the birthplace of the renaissance
a. city states in italy were the centers of trade and commerce
b. italian scholars had preserved much of the learning of ancient rome
c. many of the great writers of the renaissance were italian
d. feudalism had been stronger in italy than in other parts of europe

I would say it is a because it was the kinda big trade center during renaissance

The question of what caused the full effects of the radical stage, also called the second french revolution by some historians, which shook the political and social reforms in france have caught the attention of many scholars, particularly because of principles implemented during this stage which is contradictory to the fundamental principle of the french revolution itself, by using dictatorship to create equality.