Why did chinese officials consider european traders to be smugglers?

a. chinese officials were wary of all foreigners.

b. european traders brought forbidden items into china.

c. european traders entered china without permission.

d. european traders refused to pay tribute.

D. European traders refused to pay tribute.

Explanation:

China in the 16th and 17th centuries was a political and economic power in the East. Under the Qing Dynasty, the country witnessed an increase in it's influence on Asia. In the 16th century, Europe began to trade in Chinese harbors, but at that time, the Qing Dynasty was worried about foreign influence (it's neighbor Japan would suffer the issue years later). Then, they agreed to trade with European countries, but under the condition that they had to obey China's laws. One of these laws were about the tribute, and the European powers didn't accept these tax. According to them, it was an unfair practice.

1 problem today is that it caused to much crime americans are born with freedom and liberty and not being restricted to things causing lots of crimes because there free until proven guilty and commit a crime

the pursuit of order has only made people hate order causing race profiling and   more

3 it has to much liberty the liberty is to much because it causes to much crime and aswell hacking and letting hackers open to numerous things such as stealing cards and more

i would think the answer is between b and d i would say d sorry if wrong