In a paragraph, explain how social and economic conditions for african americans differed in the upper south and the deep south during the early to mid-1800s

The Northern economy was determined solely by manufacturing. They produced tobacco, hemp, wheat, and vegetables. The Southern economy, on the other hand, was determined by cotton and sugar which was produced by slaves because of the intense labor. As a result, the North did not rely as much on slavery.  

African Americans in the North were active participants in American society. They could own land, businesses, farms, and could even pay taxes, and also fought relentlessly against slavery both politically and strategically. For example, they helped blacks escape by acting as active “conductors” on the underground railroads (secret routes created for slaves to escape into free states and Canada.)  

African Americans in the South still lived under the shadow of slavery. They could not travel or assemble like Northerners, nor could they own businesses or churches. Although they wanted to take a stand against slavery, they did not have the same opprotunities as Northern African Americans.  

There were other sources besides manumissions (formal acts of emancipation by slave owners), to be sure, including an increase in runaways and immigrants. Among the immigrants were free blacks fleeing the West Indies (often with their own slaves) during the 1791 slave revolt against the French in Saint-Dominque, which became the independent Republic of Haiti in 1804. In part because of that revolt, another important surge in the Southern free black population occurred when Napoleon Bonaparte, exhausted and in need of cash from France’s defeat by the slaves, sold his country’s vast Louisiana territory to the Americans under its slave-owning president, Thomas Jefferson, in 1803. With it, the U.S. acquired thousands of “free people of color,” many of whom had sprung from sexual unions between French and Spanish colonists and black slaves.

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