1) The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen: This paper explains a list of rights, such as freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly and separation of powers.
2) The Estates-General was a meeting of the three estates within French society which included the clergy, nobility and the peasant classes. The estate to which a person belonged was very important because it determined that person's rights, obligations and status.
3) The Great Fear was a general panic that took place between 17 of July and 3 of August 1789, at the start of the French Revolution. Many peasants responded by arming themselves and mobilizing to defend their property. Some went further and engaged in revolutionary violence, taking to the road, looting the chateaux of landed aristocrats and destroying feudal contracts.
4) The Reign of Terror began on September 5, 1793 with a declaration by Robespierre that Terror would be "the order of the day." It ended on July 27, 1794 when Robespierre was removed from power and executed. During the Reign of Terror, France was ruled by a group of men called the Committee of Public Safety.
5) On October 10, 1789, the National Constituent Assembly seized the properties and land held by the Catholic Church and decided to sell them as assignats. On July 12, 1790, the assembly passed the Civil Constitution of the Clergy that subordinated the Catholic Church in France to the French government.
6) The Constitution of 1795 achieved more stability by separating the government into two government into two elected legislative houses. A Directory of five people was the executive authority. The Directory, was corrupt.
7) 1. Equality of all citizens before the law, 2. the right of the individual to choose a profession, 3. religious toleration, and 4. the abolition of serfdom and all feudal obligations.
8) As the First Consul, Napoleon had virtually dictatorial powers; namely, he could appoint people to positions, raise armies, and do much, much more.
9) The concept of Nationalism emerged in the French Revolution and was spread to the rest of Europe by Napoleon's conquests. Nationalism was used by Napoleon to make France a great power in Europe. Nationalism helped France to develop a national language which was taught in schools to replace local dialects.
10) The Continental System was Napoleon's strategy to weaken Britain's economy by banning trade between Britain and states occupied by or allied with France, which proved largely ineffective and eventually led to Napoleon's fall.
11) Significant causes of his downfall included the Continental Blockade, the Peninsular War, the Russian Campaign, and the direct role of Britain. ... Napoleon had aimed to stall the British economy, attempting to lead it into an economic depression by cutting off its trade links with mainland Europe.
12) The Congress of Vienna was a success because the congress got a balance of power back to the European countries. The congress also brought back peace among the nations. Europe had peace for about 40 years.
13) The aptly-named balance of power in Europe was a system that aimed to maintain international order and peace by following any increase in strength of one nation-state with an increase in strength of his geographic or political enemy.
14) Napoleon was defeated in Russia because of the sheer scale of the country and the extreme distances that he had to travel on the way to Moscow and the retreat after, another major geographical feature was the climate.
15) Conservatism is a political and social philosophy promoting traditional social institutions in the context of culture and civilization. ... Conservatives seek to preserve a range of institutions such as religion, parliamentary government, and property rights, with the aim of emphasizing social stability and continuity. Liberals were committed to individualism, liberty, and equal rights. They believed these goals required a free economy with minimal government interference.
16) *SEE IMAGE PROVIDED*
17) The painting is realistic in the fact that Napoleon's army was devastatingly defeated in Moscow. In the first week of the invasion alone, over 10,000 horses were lost due to exertion in the intense summer heat. This explains the massive amount if soldiers on foot.
18) The political cartoon suggests that the illustrator of the piece believed that the estates-general was going to be strong, and that is why they depicted it being "forged" as iron or steel would be. The three people represent a member of the three national assemblies.
