Explain the effect the mckinley tariff had on the u. s.-hawaiian relationship.

Hawaii had long attracted the interest of American businessmen in the lucrative sugar trade. The United States federal government had provided generous terms to the sugar growers of Hawaii in the treaties of 1849 and 1875 and American businessmen had acquired substantial fortunes in the islands. The McKinley Tariff proved to a turning point in the relations between the US and Hawaii. In 1890 the United States Congress approved the McKinley Tariff, which raised import rates on foreign sugar. This had an alarming effect on the sugar planters in Hawaii who, as a direct result of the McKinley Tariff, were being undersold in the American market. The McKinley Act removed the duty on all raw sugar coming into the US, which deprived Hawaiian sugar producers of their privileged status.

the industrial development of cities in the ruhr area in the nineteenth century is described. the research was based on english and german language sources. several factors that shaped growth and paths of the cities were categorized and analyzed. they are locations, resources, traditions, entrepreneurs, and technological developments. locations and resources were the most important among them; other factors may be regarded as consequences from locations and resources. among the cities, bochum, essen, gelsenkirchen, and dortmund had the richest resources and most favorable locations in the transportation network and grew to be the largest cities in the ruhr area near the end of the nineteenth century. riverside location was also a favorable factor for the development, as shown in the development of duisburg on the confluence of rhine and ruhr. resource distribution can explain the rise of textile industry, metallurgical industry, and coal and iron industries, and the northward progression of the mining industry. tradition was an important factor for cities such as krefeld, barmen, elberfeld, solingen, and remscheid, which experienced development based on their traditions through the nineteenth century. various entrepreneurs exerted influences within and beyond the local level over the ruhr area. technological development stimulated the northward progression of the mining industry and the deep connection between the coal and the iron industries.

jewish people, gypsies, and political opponents.