All of these have been used (unconstitutionally) in the past to a) prevent discrimination. b) keep minorities from voting. c) secure admission to colleges. d) deny women the right to property

it would be  

germany had to pay all damages related to the war.

and i think

germany had to take sole responsibility for the war.

explanation:

a trial judge has broad powers in his courtroom. the judge's decision is usually final for the duration of the trial, and the party's one special type of witness is an expert witness.

the installment plan of the 1920s, an arrangement that allowed people to buy what they wanted with a small down payment and pay off the rest in monthly installments, provided americans a way to own what they did not have the money to buy.