Inspired by the american and french revolutions, many
colonies in central and south america sought their
independence in the 19th century. mexican rebels fought
against spanish colonial rule until they won independence
in 1821. further south, simón bolívar fought to liberate the
colonies of venezuela, colombia, ecuador, bolivia, and
peru from spain. portugal also lost its colony in brazil,
which became an independent empire in 1822.
which statement best describes the main idea of the passage?
o
a. brazil became an empire after it won its independence from
portugal in the 19th century.
o
b. european countries lost control over many colonies in the
americas in the 19th century.
o
c. spain was hurt more by 19th-century colonial independence
movements than portugal.
o
d. simón bolivar played a role in liberating many south american
colonies in the 19th century.

Read the passage below and answer the following question. the wars against carthage changed rome significantly. the roman senate had gained in power and respect compared to the other parts of the government. the romans emerged from the punic wars with the understanding that final authority over the military lay with the senate. also, the amount of land they controlled had grown. rome now considered spain as part of its territory, and it began what would become a long struggle to conquer the people of spain. the second war and carthage’s march through europe reduced the number of people in the italian countryside. men had gone off to war. people had died and people had moved to the cities to escape war. the new arrivals in the city of rome enjoyed the festivals and other public entertainment that were created to keep citizens happy during the dark days of the war. newcomers favored the city over the life of difficulty they had known working on farms. and after the war ended, many veterans from farming families decided to stay in cities, especially rome, rather than return to the countryside. cities in italy became overcrowded, and rome became the most populous city in europe and west asia. with the migration to the cities, farmland in italy could be bought cheaply. those with wealth began buying this farmland and increased their use of slaves to work those farms. many small farmers found themselves unable to compete with the larger farms and their large number of slaves. many small farmers gave up, sold their farms and joined the movement to the cities. passage taken and modified from: macrohistory : worldhistory website. rome went through many changes as a result of the punic wars. using the text above, summarize the main points about these changes. use at least four complete sentences and evidence from the text in your answer. (75 points)

What was the 1787 constitutional convention? !

Which of the islamic empires (ottomans, mughals, safavids) were the most influential and why?