Presidential Power
Article II of the United States Constitution establishes the Executive Branch and grants to this nation's Chief Executive, the President, the power and authority to execute the laws of the United States.
Formal Powers of the Presidency
The President of the United States of America, by virtue of formally granted constitutional powers, has several significant leadership roles. While these roles are varied and diverse, they can generally be divided into two large areas of authority and responsibility: domestic policy and foreign affairs. So distinct are the two realms of presidential activity and so different are the degrees of success within each that political scientists generally refer to these two subdivisions as the "two presidencies."1
The Domestic Policy Presidency
In the domestic arena, the President, as Chief Executive, has the formal constitutional authority to oversee the execution and implementation of the law. The President also has the ability to significantly influence the legislative and judicial branches. Through the exercise of these powers, the President can exert wide-spread and long-lasting influence on the domestic policies of the nation.
Chief Executive
The President, as the head of the Executive Branch, is the Chief Executive Officer of the United States government. The Chief Executive is sworn to see that the laws of the land are faithfully executed, consistent with the Constitution. The President also oversees the various departments and agencies of the Executive Branch. With the advice and consent of the Senate, the President appoints the leaders of each Executive Branch department and works with these individuals to implement the programs and policies passed by the Congress.
The President's role as Chief Executive is discussed in greater detail in "Presidential Leadership" and "Bureaucracy."
Chief Legislator
The President also has formally granted authority to influence and participate in the legislative process. While only members of Congress can introduce and vote on legislation in the House and Senate, the President plays an important role in setting legislative priorities through inaugural addresses and State of the Union Addresses. The Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 also requires the President to submit a budget each year. While the Congress reserves the right to significantly alter the President's proposed budget, the submission of a budget provides an important starting point for the Congress.
The President also has the Constitutional authority to veto any legislation the Congress passes. Because a two-thirds majority vote in each house is required to override a veto and pass a bill over the President's objections, the President can often use the threat of a veto to influence the legislative process. Presidents have often publicly and privately stated the conditions that must be met in particular pieces of legislation to avoid vetoes.
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