This piece of reconstruction-era legislation was passed by congress- over the veto of andrew johnson- in order to protect the rights of newly freed former slaves, guaranteeing such things as citizenship and equal legal rights as white citizens.(the year is needed for this definition.)

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necessary and proper clause. the congress shall have power to all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this constitution in the government of the united states, or in any department or officer thereof.

to replace ineffective because   andrew jackson's spoil system was a deliberate policy after he became president to remove federal employees he considered to be political opponents and replace them with his own supporters.