Ultimately, the reforms initiated by mikhail gorbachev led to
the rise of vladimir putin.
increased hostilities with western europe.
the downfall of the soviet union.
improved relations with the soviet satellite states.

Ultimately, the reforms initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev led to the downfall of the Soviet Union. The correct option among all the options that are given in the question is the third option. Mikhail Gorbachev was born on 2nd march in the year 1931. He was the eighth and the last leader of the soviet Union. After that many states departed from the Union and it came to be known as Russia.

The correct answer is b