As business increased, and the city grew with rapid strides,
the necessities of the poor became the opportunity of their
wealthier neighbors, and the stamp was set upon the old
houses, suddenly become valuable, which the best thought
and effort of a later age have vainly struggled to efface.
their "large rooms were partitioned into several smaller
ones, without regard to light or ventilation, the rate of rent
being lower in proportion to space or height from the
street; and they soon became filled from cellar to garret
with a class of tenantry living from hand to mouth, loose in
morals, improvident in habits, degraded, and squalid as
beggary itself." it was thus the dark bedroom, prolific of
untold depravities, came into the world.
—jacob a. riis, how the other half lives, 1890

which statement describes how optimism new immigrants endure the
conditions described by riis?

a. new immigrants rejected factory work in favor of idyllic farm
living.
b. new immigrants gave up traditional languages and religious
beliefs to assimilate.
c. new immigrants lived in close-knit ethnic communities to support
one another.
d. new immigrants built tenement houses to serve as refuges from
persecution