While big city political bosses and their machines were often criticized, they proved necessary and effective in the new urban environment because

a. they were better able to leverage grant money
b. they consistently upheld ethical standards.
c. they were closely allied to other urban institutions like the church
d. they were most effective in serving urban immigrants' needs than weak state or local governments
e. their support for the democratic party to balance small-town republic power.

1)which is the following was characteristic of the british colonies but not the french or spanish religion a. presence of slavery b. religion conversion c. smuggling and piracy d. strict racial hierarchy 2)how did the columbia exchange affect europe? a diseases from the new world decimated the population of the european continent b new crops introduced to europe generated further interest in the new world c enslavement of american indians in europe changed cultural attitudes toward slavery d the items produced by american indians become objects of competition in europe