What caused the economic panic’s in the 1800s

Harvest failures, Insurance companies and banks failures, cotton prices went down, land speculation, the stock market plummeted sudddenly all those things caused panic at that time.

In 1800s the cause of economic panic was crop failure, banking and insurance failure, rapid speculation in land. Panic of sudden plunges in currency and stock market and drop in cotton prices. This were some of economic panic because united state of America was young nation.

affirmative action refers to the policies that take gender, race, or ethnicity into account in order to promote equal opportunity.

employers subject to title vii are prohibited from taking race or sex into account in any employment decisions. aa is a penalty for having any job group substantially statistically "underutilized" in any race or either sex. the employer must take steps to eliminate the underutilization, then stop, ending its aa efforts

i think it was   tsar alexander ii