Why were slaves treated the way they were

Why do countries create guidelines and laws on how a country is going to be run?

Draw conclusions  why might a cause like italian unification successfully draw people of very different backgrounds together?  

The idea of liberalism in eighteenth-century british politics: a. had mainly a civic and social quality. b. prompted two eighteenth-century leaders, joseph mccarthy and hugh mccarran, to demand independence for ireland. c. brought great wealth and power to its main voice, john locke. d. was compatible with inequalities in wealth and well-being. e. had the same meaning as liberalism in twenty-first-century american politics.