) Increase in agricultural production. New inventions and methods (better irrigation, steel-tipped plow, etc) led to much greater food production.
2.) Urbanization. As less labor was needed on farms and more labor was needed in emerging factories, people moved to the cities.
3.) Mass production. Increasingly large and efficient factories allowed goods to be produced on a scale never before seen.
4.) Mass consumption. Goes hand-in hand with mass production. For most of history people made or grew almost everything they consumed. Now they bought a large portion of what they consumed.
5.) Mechanization. Machines began replacing human labor in agriculture, industry, and transport.
6.) Pollution. Once the steam-engine became the principle source of energy (as opposed to water power), vast amounts of coal were mined and burned to provide energy. This is still the case today.
7.) Wealth inequality. The distribution of wealth wasn't particularly equal before the Industrial Revolution, but with the emergence of Robber Barons and "Wage Slaves" inequality increased even more.
8.) Agitation for Labor Rights. The appalling conditions of industrial work caused workers to gradually demand better treatment: Child Labor Laws, Women's Labor Laws, Safety Regulations, the Emergence of Unions, etc
9.) Increase in International Trade. Improved transportation and larger quantities of goods to trade vastly increased the amount of international trade.
10.) Colonization. European powers acquired colonies as sources of raw materials, but more importantly as markets for their manufactured goods.
11.) Emergence of the middle class. A large percentage of the population (bourgeois) enjoyed decent wealth and high standards of living due to industrialization. They were often factory owners, foremen, engineers, lawyers, or other professionals. In many cases, member of the bourgeois became wealthier than members of the old-money lords.
12.) Social Reform in General. With urbanization came urban problems: homelessness, crime, poverty, etc. Prohibitionists, suffragists, and religious organizations (Salvation Army, etc) tried to solve these issues.
13.) Scientific and Technological Innovation: A greater portion of the population (though still small) was free to attend universities and contribute to discovery and progress.
14.) Military expansion. New weapons were created and then manufactured on a grand scale: firearms, naval vessels, munitions, etc.
15.) As you said, transportation. Canals, railroads, steam-liners, airplanes and Zeppelins, etc
I hope this helps!
