What did spain, france, and russia have in common during the 1500s and 1600s? a.) they experienced long periods of peace. b.) they experimented with republican forms of government. c.)they saw the overthrow of their kings during these years. d)they all had absolute rulers who built strong, central governments.

D)They all had absolute rulers who built strong, central governments.

Explanation:

An absolute monarchy is a form of government in which the king has absolute power. There is no division of powers (executive, legislative and judicial). Although the administration of justice may have relative autonomy concerning the king, or there are parliamentary institutions, the absolute monarch can ultimately change the decisions or opinions of the courts or reform the laws at his will (the word of the king is law ). The unity of all powers is usually considered justified by estimating that the source of power is God and that monarchs exercise sovereignty by divine right. There are no mechanisms by which the sovereign (who does not recognize superiors) responds for his actions if it is not before God himself.

During the 16th and 17th centuries, Russia, France, and Spain were under absolute monarchies. The most prominent Russian monarch of this period was Ivan IV, first Russian monarch to adopt the title of Tsar (since 1547). He is considered one of the creators of the Russian State.

The most notorious French absolute monarch of these centuries was Louis XIV, one of the most prominent kings in French history. Being his reign the most durable in history, he managed to create an absolutist and centralized regime, to the point that his reign is considered the prototype of the absolute monarchy in Europe.

In Spain, the Catholic Kings established a strong monarchy in the face of the power desires of ecclesiastics and nobles, unified the Spanish kingdoms in one country, and started the expansion of the Spanish Empire.

d. japan's attack on pearl harbor