How did europeans affect africa during the 1800s? how did africas respond in the 1900s?

European engaged in two set of significant projects in Africa in the 19th century. During the Era of Free Trade (1830-1880), Europeans mapped the interior of the African content through exploration discovering major lakes and rivers. Moreover, they began the early process of building an infrastructure and establishing spheres of influence. Led primarily by the British and France, other countries such as Germany, Belgium, and Italy also participated in these imperial and colonial projects. This project culminated in the formal colonization of the African continent beginning with the Berlin Conference in 1885. By 1900, major spheres of influence had been established in Anglophone, Francophone, Lusophone and German South East Africa and the Belgian Congo. African responded through this period with resistance from armed conflict to negotiation. Africans also waged a  significant anti-colonial movement with worldwide implications. These efforts led t increased pressure of Europeans colonizers and subsequent independence and decolonization beginning  with Ghana in 1957.

affirmative action refers to the policies that take gender, race, or ethnicity into account in order to promote equal opportunity.

employers subject to title vii are prohibited from taking race or sex into account in any employment decisions. aa is a penalty for having any job group substantially statistically "underutilized" in any race or either sex. the employer must take steps to eliminate the underutilization, then stop, ending its aa efforts

study of past cultures