The creation of initiative, referendum, and recall procedures during the progressive era resulted in

Initiative, referendum, and recall procedures are all types of political process that bring on citizens together to vote directly, indirectly or allow them to use petitions for changing the law or making constitutional amendments by proposing them on the ballot.

So these procedures during progressive era resulted in more participation of the citizens in politics.

the effect of the ming leaders banning ships with more than two masts was that there was no further construction of ships masts, because there was a surplus. ming emperors disallowed foreign exploration

fairly positive it is 4