As magellan sailed through the straits at the tip of south america: a. his ship was forced into the cliffs and sank b. ice formed on the rigging, rails, sails and he was forced to put two mutinous sailors ashore c. he was forced to put two mutinous sailors ashore d. ice formed on the rigging, rails, sails and a storm crippled one of the ships.

The correct answer is D) ice formed on the rigging, rails, sails and a storm crippled one of the ships.  That was the time when Magellan found a sea route called Straits of Magellan, which is in southern Chile.  It is the most important passage between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

b). (sounds as the best answer)

the qing dynasty placed strict limits on foreign merchants' ability to trade in china.