Difference in how christian communities and muslim communities spread around the globe

Ahistorian studying urban history in chicago in in the early 1900's. she is studying the population changes and the activities that people did in their everyday lives. based on the description which school of thought does the historian likely belong to

Define the term brutalization effect and describe in your own words why you think this occurs and how it conflicts with the ideas of deterrence theory.

Which empire was called "the sick man of europe? "