Why did the surprise court rule against the new deal programs

For the first two terms of Franklin Roosevelt's presidency, Roosevelt clashed with a conservative Supreme Court over his plans for the country's economic future.

Many believed at the time that much of Roosevelt's actions were unconstitutional and an impermissible expansion of the executive's power.

Roosevelt tried to respond to the Court denying him programs by trying to pack the Court.

Ultimately, court packing was unsuccessful but Roosevelt ended up getting the programs he wanted approved and the Court he wanted nominated.

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to reform the distraught soviet union, the democratization of the communist party was promoted through party secretary mikhail gorbachev's policies of “perestroika” and “glasnost.” perestroika refers to the reconstruction of the political and economic system established by the communist party.