Under the roman empire, citizenship and loyalty to the empire governed society. what governed society after the empire fell? a strong professional military a bond of language and culture centralized rule personal ties and relationships

It developed as a reaction to the impact of european colonialism in africa on peoples of african descent. in the  mid-20th century, activists in africa adopted pan-africanism as a rallying cry for independence from colonial rule. some african pan-africanists sought to unite the continent as one independenthope it was useful