4. why didn't early portuguese and dutch explorers decide to create settlements in australia?

The first Europeans to see Australia are normally considered to be Dutch Captain Willem Janszoon  and his crew on the Duyfken in 1606, but there are also claims by the Portuguese to have discovered it first, somewhere between 1521 and 1524.

Even though the Dutch did name what is now called Australia as New-Holland, they did not colonize it. The main reason behind it is that the Dutch East India Company (VOC for its initials in dutch) was the one in charge of creating trading posts, they only made settlements where it seemed profitable: spices were the main resource they were looking for, they didn't find anything of that sort of on Australia, they also didn't find anyone to trade with, so they didn't create settlements there.

answer: a parliamentary system is a system of democratic governance of a state where the executive derives its democratic legitimacy from its ability to command the confidence of the legislature, typically a parliament, and is also held accountable to that parliament. in a parliamentary system, the head of state is usually a person distinct from the head of government. this is in contrast to a presidential system, where the head of state often is also the head of government and, most importantly, the executive does not derive its democratic legitimacy from the legislature.

countries with parliamentary democracies may be constitutional monarchies, where a monarch is the head of state while the head of government is almost always a member of parliament (such as the united kingdom, denmark, sweden, and japan), or parliamentary republics, where a mostly ceremonial president is the head of state while the head of government is regularly from the legislature (such as ireland, germany, india, and italy). in a few parliamentary republics, such as botswana, south africa, and suriname, among some others, the head of government is also head of state, but is elected by and is answerable to parliament. in bicameral parliaments, the head of government is generally, though not always, a member of the lower house.

parliamentarianism is the dominant form of government in europe, with 32 of its 50 sovereign states being parliamentarian. it is also common in the caribbean, being the form of government of 10 of its 13 island states, and in oceania. elsewhere in the world, parliamentary countries are less common, but they are distributed through all continents, most often in former colonies of the british empire that subscribe to a particular brand of parliamentarianism known as the westminster system.

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