1. which improvement in agricultural practices occurred as a result of using horse collars? a.) horses could be used instead of oxen, which decreased the amount of time required to plow a field b.) horses could work on more types of terrain, so farmers began implementing crop rotation c.) horsepower could be used for irrigation, directly supplementing the energy produced by the water mills. d.) multiple horses could be attached to a plow so farmers could use larger plows and cover a greater area. 2. which two classes of people in europe benefited most from trading during the middle ages? a.) bankers and serfs b.) serfs and vassals c.) vassals and merchants d.) merchants and bankers 3. which of the following allowed the catholic church to sustain power and authority in europe during the late middle ages? a.) the strength of the churches armed forces b.) the practice of law investiture within the church c.) the importance of church worship in everyday life d.) the tithing agreement between the church and goverments

1. The correct answer is A. Horses could be used instead of oxen, which decreased the amount of time required to plow a field. After the invention of the horse collar, the physical restriction that the harness had on the animals was no longer an issue. With this new instrument, horses were capable of exerting full force in plowing, as this collar allowed horses to push rather than pulling its full workload. As a result, horses became faster than oxen by almost 50 percent, and along with other agricultural inventions, the use of horses spread.

2. The correct answer is D. Merchants and bankers.

During the middle ages, the trading of good grew. By the 12th century, manufacturing grew in Europe which resulted in an increase in goods being produced. The first to be benefited were merchants, since they were no longer seen as adventurers but rather employers and highly skilled. As time became more and more prosperous, merchants started to need more accurate accounts of their money. This practice allowed for more complex trading methods, and it started like a snow ball effect. As more accurate accounts were available, more trading occurred, this then gave place to bankers to come into the scene. As gold coins flourished in Europe, bankers started with the moneylenders and became rich thanks to the interest they charged, setting off the creation of Banking.

3. The correct answer is C. The importance of church worship in everyday life.  

During the middle ages, the church was practically the only place people could attend to receive an education. Also, the threat of ex-communication was feared by even emperors and kings; who made them afraid of going against the church. This meant that if any King was to go against the church, this one could tell Catholics that they had no business obeying their King.  

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