Question 1 which type of government consists of a single, self-appointed ruler who holds political control over an entire country?
a)autocracy
b)democracy
c)oligarchy
d)plutocracy

question 2 which statement best describes a difference between a presidential system of democracy and a parliamentary system of democracy?
a)the president acts as head of state in a presidential system only.
b)the prime minister is elected directly by popular vote in a parliamentary state only.
c)the prime minister act as head of the national government in a parliamentary state only.
d)president is chosen by members of the legislative branch in a presidential system only.

question 3 a person becomes the leader of a democracy by
a)taking power by force.
b)being elected by popular vote.
c)being the first-born child of the previous leader.
d)receiving votes from the peoples' representatives.

question 4 which of these would most likely be an attribute of a healthy democracy? question 4 options: a single state-run media outlet a government-controlled economy a universally free voting system a legislature filled by appointment

question 5 which of these is an explanation for why it is important for a democratic government to hold regular elections?
a)to preserve the connection between voters and the government
b)to prevent people from losing interest in the political system
c)to keep major political parties in power and dominant over others
d)to strictly limit the amount of time a person can remain politically active

question 6 in south africa, the president is elected by members of the national assembly who are elected by the citizens. this means that south africa has which type of government?
a)unitary system
b)direct democracy
c)confederal system
d)parliamentary democracy

question 7 in the government of this nation, political power is shared between the executive branch, made up of a president and a prime minister, and the legislative branch, which is made up of a 224-member national assembly. the majority political party in the nation is known as the odm, or orange democratic movement, which got its name from their ballots being colored orange. mwai kibaki was elected president and raila odinga was elected prime minister here in 2002.
what east african country is being described by these statements?
a)the kingdom of sudan
b)the republic of kenya
c)the republic of uganda
d)the republic of south africa

question 8 in may of 2015, muhammadu buhari became president of nigeria. as president, he is the head of state, head of government, and the leader of the executive branch of government.
using the information given, you can tell that nigeria can be classified as a a)unitary state.
b)presidential democracy.
c) parliamentary democracy
d)constitutional monarchy.

question 9 in kenya, 7% of the national budget is spent on health care for the population, while in sudan, only 1% of the national budget is spent to provide medical care.
-- unicef, united nations population division and united nations statistics division. a likely result of this discrepancy is that
a)hiv and aids rates are higher in sudan.
b)hiv and aids rates are higher in kenya.
c)the per capita income is higher for people living in kenya.
d)life expectancy rates are higher for people living in sudan.

question 10 which would most significantly combat the spread of aids in countries in africa?
a)stricter laws prosecuting people who knowingly spread hiv.
b)improved education that would lead to better job opportunities.
c)clean air and water regulations that promote a healthier environment. d)stable governments that can spend more money on infrastructure and healthcare.

b) brahmans   is nomadic society

according to the denotation of “repeat,” history can’t repeat itself. (and if you want to get technical and into chaos theory, neither can anything else.) unlike lab-controlled experiments that can be exactly replicated (although not really), humans are life is always evolving and unpredictable and involves incalculable symbiotic relationships.

but, if we consider “repeat” as both a metaphor and in terms of its connotation, we can understand what people mean by “history repeats itself,” and it actually emerges as a useful conceptual tool. as mark twain put it, “history does not repeat itself, but it does rhyme.”

the vast, vast majority of people don’t in anyway think that history literally, exactly repeats itself. such would violate celebrated philosophies of free will. when people say that history repeats itself, they are generally thinking of broad patterns. another way to describe these patterns or relationships would be to describe them as cause and effect relationships. they are thinking about the existence of and continuation of

war,

poverty,

colonialism,

racism,

sexism,

classism, or

social movements, to list only a few of the repeated/unending phenomena of human history.a more specific example could be that every step forward in the long african-american civil rights movement has resulted in new forms of discrimination. lynching, disenfranchisement, and neo-enslavement (collectively called “jim crow”) replaced codified plantation and urban enslavement after the civil war and reconstruction era. today, the “new jim crow” (a system where by at least 1 out of every 3 black men are confined in the criminal justice system) replaced jim crow after the modern civil rights movement of the 1940s, 50s, and 60s.

people remain “babies” on the evolutionary ladder – we are greedy, shortsighted, and quick to buy into fear of “the other.” spending time trying to argue that history doesn’t repeat is ultimately not very productive for historians, a debate primarily involving semantic differences.

furthermore, if nothing “repeated,” it would quickly become impossible to study anything. much of what we study is about relationships between times and places. on the other hand, if we “dig deep,” language repeats all the time per se. if we had to relearn language every day, we would never progress. by saying “history repeats,” we are recognizing the ways in which we are bound to this world and products of it. this is not to say that nothing ever improves or changes.

as historians, we can and should use the real meanings behind notions that history repeats to students enjoy and embrace the study of our world. indeed one of the many reasons i enjoy studying history, as i tell students in my “what is history? ” lecture, is that history is comforting and allows us to see the world as a more steady place. according to the news and joe public, crime, poverty, you name it, are worse now than it ever has been. if we look at historical evidence, we can find that such fears are unnecessary. likewise, every generation says the previous generation had it better or older adults long for the time when they were adolescents when the world was a better, safer place (i call this the myth of the utopia past).  

finally, although human events can never come close to any kind of true replication, history belongs to both the liberal arts and the sciences. that history is a liberal art needs no explanation. that history is also a science, however, is where i tend to meet objections.

scientists follow the scientific method. they follow a series of steps to ensure their work is the best it can be given current resources. don’t historians do this? historians come up with questions, look for evidence, analyze evidence, weave in secondary material, write and edit, edit some more, and then go through peer-reviewers both informally and formally. this is indeed the historian’s equivalent of the scientific method. historical narratives or theories about the past are no more or less theories or narratives as human evolution or the big bang, for example. all scholarship involves theory and explanation based on evidence.

likewise, for reasons i haven’t fully grasped or studied yet, science tends to have more credibility with the public. people tend to perceive history as always changing, unstable, and inherently biased by “crazy, liberal academics.” in reality, science changes just as much, is just as unstable, and has just as many biases. in other words, history and any of the specific branches of science are all social constructions- both the discipline themselves and scholarship produced. by promoting the study of the past as a science, perhaps historians would have more automatic credibility.

be sure to check out: the nature of history and the history of history, i am many things but a “history buff” is not one of them. – hidden power of words series, #14, and my other postings about history, too!

explanation:

google it and it will pop up