7. in the mid-1800s, leaders of free african american communities in the north were often influenced by a. utopian communities and their focus on cooperation. b. romantic writers and their questioning of puritanism. c. the second great awakening and its spirit of reform. d. the temperance movement and its emphasis on self-discipline. btw, already done the test, answer is  the second great awakening and its spirit of reform.

In the mid 1800's, African  Americans were influenced both by the utopian communities and their focus on cooperation. One of the best examples of this influence in Sojourner Truth who was a member of the Kingdom of Matthias. Blacks were also influenced by the Second Great Awakening, which promoted reform.

the captain of a steam ship naturally chooses the shortest route to his destination. since a sailing ship is usually pushed by winds and currents, its captain must find a route where the wind will probably blow in the right direction. tacking, i.e. using contrary wind to pull (sic) the sails, was always possible but wasted time because of the zigzagging required, and this would significantly delay long voyages. the early european explorers were not only looking for new lands. they also had to discover the pattern of winds and currents that would carry them where they wanted to go. during the age of sail winds and currents determined trade routes and therefore influenced european imperialism and modern political geography. for an outline to the main wind systems see global wind patterns.

pilotage or cabotage, in one sense, is the art of sailing along the coast using known landmarks. navigation, in one sense, is the art of sailing long distances out of sight of land.[1] although the polynesians were able to sail the pacific (with great difficulty) and people regularly sailed north and south across the mediterranean, before the time of columbus nearly all sailing was coastal pilotage

        it is some were in here? ///

increasing defense spending.

explanation: