Before the berlin conference how much of africa was in the pindingt under local control

The Berlin Conference was the destruction of Africa in more than one sense: the colonial powers divided the countries of the African continent; When independence progressively returned to Africa in the second half of the 20th century, the continent had such a degree of political, social and cultural fragmentation that it has not yet been able to rise.

At the time of the conference, 80% of Africa remained under local control. What ultimately resulted was a hodgepodge of geometric boundaries that divided Africa into fifty irregular countries. This new map of the continent was superimposed on the thousand cultures and indigenous regions that existed. The new countries lacked cohesion, divided coherent groups of people and merged disparate groups that did not really get along.

christopher columbus (1492–1504)

the industrial development of cities in the ruhr area in the nineteenth century is described. the research was based on english and german language sources. several factors that shaped growth and paths of the cities were categorized and analyzed. they are locations, resources, traditions, entrepreneurs, and technological developments. locations and resources were the most important among them; other factors may be regarded as consequences from locations and resources. among the cities, bochum, essen, gelsenkirchen, and dortmund had the richest resources and most favorable locations in the transportation network and grew to be the largest cities in the ruhr area near the end of the nineteenth century. riverside location was also a favorable factor for the development, as shown in the development of duisburg on the confluence of rhine and ruhr. resource distribution can explain the rise of textile industry, metallurgical industry, and coal and iron industries, and the northward progression of the mining industry. tradition was an important factor for cities such as krefeld, barmen, elberfeld, solingen, and remscheid, which experienced development based on their traditions through the nineteenth century. various entrepreneurs exerted influences within and beyond the local level over the ruhr area. technological development stimulated the northward progression of the mining industry and the deep connection between the coal and the iron industries.