What is the fundamental flaw in a pyramid and/or ponzi scheme that make them form of fraud?

Correct answer is "a. It requires a constant exponencial expansion of new investment topay existing obligation, which cannot continue, and therefore the promise of earnings is fraudulent."

A pyramid scheme is one in which a certain amount of money is demanded from new investors and then is applied to cover previous liabilities from other investors instead of being invested in productive income generating activities.

The system needs a constantly growing base of new  entrants to keep itself working and, as the number of people who can enter such arrangement is limited, it eventually becomes unsustainable.

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valentina tereshkova

soviet cosmonaut valentina tereshkova became the first woman to fly to space when she launched on the vostok 6 mission june 16, 1963. valentina tereshkova was the first woman to go into space. in 1963, she spent almost three days in space and orbited earth 48 times in her space capsule, vostok 6.jan 22, 2018