Brainliest! which best describes the role of the papacy in the middle ages? strengthened the christian church by aligning policies with secular kings claimed supreme ecclesiastical and political authority over europe mobilized and defended christian kings against pagan aggressors supported secular rulers by conducting church rituals in the vernacular

Option 2. In the Middle Ages, the papacy and the secular government were, for the most part, the same. Even though there were kings, they would often seek advice from the Popes before taking action.

The transcontinental railroad provided a means of fast transportation. it cut a 6 month trip into 6 days, created jobs for many people and encouraged immigration. the homestead act played a huge role in western expansion; it allowed settlers to begin a fresh start, and gave them land in exchange for their residence for up to five years and a small fee.