Ties between religion and kingship in southeast asia a. did not exist because of constitutional separations between religion and government. b. were especially close in muslim areas, where kings were seen as spiritually superior beings. c. were, in fact, mainly an inaccurate perception held by uncomprehending european observers. d. were especially close in christian areas, where kings were seen as spiritually superior beings. e. included buddhist kings, javanese kings, vietnamese emperors, and islamic sultans.

Buddhist kings, Javanese kings, Vietnamese emperors, and Islamic sultans were included in the ties between religion and kingship in Southeast Asia. All of these religions that came to Southeast Asia from outside were directly attached with the court and its ruler. They became an important part of the political power’s constellations, which had appeared in the mid-17th century.

the crusades are one of the most significant events in the history of europe and the middle east.   they were a series of religious wars carried out by christian crusaders from europe during the timeframe of the middle ages.   beginning in 1095 ce, the crusades saw european knights and noblemen travel to the middle east in an attempt to capture the holy land away from muslim people that had controlled the region for the previous centuries.   the term crusade means ‘cross’.   therefore, the europeans that became crusaders viewed themselves as ‘taking up the cross’.   in fact, many of the crusaders wore crosses on their clothing and armor as they made their pilgrimage to the holy land.

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