Caspian seacaucasus mountainshindu kush mountainshinduismindian oceanislammohenjo- systemherdersiron aryans were a people who lived in the area around the    , between the black sea and    . they were primarily    who gradually migrated throughout europe and into asia. during this time, their use of    allowed them to grow into skilled warriors, which conquer lands as they migrated. 

Questions to Guide Your Reading

What factors led to the decline of the Yuan Dynasty?

Where did the Black Death begin? What factors allowed it to spread across Afro-Eurasia?

What were the social, political, and economic effects of the Black Death on Europe?

How did European states and religious institutions change during the late Middle Ages? What caused these changes?

What were the sources of the Italian Renaissance? How did it alter European culture?

Why did Timur attempt to “externalize” the violence of the steppe?

Key Terms

Council of Constance

Babylonian Captivity of the Church

Humanism

Hundred Years’ War

Italian Renaissance

Malthusian Limits

Mamluk Sultanate

Ottoman Empire

Reconquista

Timur

separation of powers, therefore, refers to the division of government responsibilities into distinct branches to limit any one branch from exercising the core functions of another.   the intent is to prevent the concentration of power and provide for checks and balances.  

the traditional characterizations of the powers of the branches of american government are:

* the legislative branch is responsible for enacting the laws of the state and appropriating the money necessary to operate the government.

* the executive branch is responsible for implementing and administering the public policy enacted and funded by the legislative branch.

* the judicial branch is responsible for interpreting the constitution and laws and applying their interpretations to controversies brought before it.

forty state constitutions specify that government be divided into three branches:   legislative, executive and judicial.   california illustrates this approach; "the powers of state government are legislative, executive, and judicial.   persons charged with the exercise of one power may not exercise either of the others except as permitted by this constitution."

while separation of powers is key to the workings of american government, no democratic system exists with an absolute separation of powers or an absolute lack of separation of powers. governmental powers and responsibilities intentionally overlap; they are too complex and interrelated to be neatly compartmentalized. as a result, there is an inherent measure of competition and conflict

minnesota:   minnesota house research,   separation of powers: when statutes and court rules conflict, 2005