How did the united states acquire the land that became the states of california, new mexico, arizona, nevada, utah, and colorado, and establish undisputed borders for texas?

The united states acquired the land that became the states of California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico, as well as parts of Texas and Colorado following the  Mexican American War.
The war was fought over the issue of where the border between Texas and Mexico should be, with each side wanting a border that gave it more land. It resulted in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo to end the war. Through this treaty Mexico gave the United States most of the land that is now 

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