The romans' ingenious use of was instrumental in the construction of the great cathedrals of europe 1,000 years later the arch and key stoning concrete entablatures columns

The answer is concrete.

The Romans' ingenious use of concrete was instrumental in the construction of the great cathedrals of Europe 1,000 years later. Vaulting of concrete completed the building of the great cathedrals and amphitheater of the Romans. It also made the Pantheon dome and the Palestrina’s Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia. 

in mcculloch v. maryland (1819) the supreme court ruled that congress had implied powers under the necessary and proper clause of article i, section 8 of the constitution to create the second bank of the united states and that the state of maryland lacked the power to tax the bank.

gibbons v. ogden, (1824), was a landmark decision in which the supreme court of the united states held that the power to regulate interstate commerce, granted to congress by the commerce clause of the united states constitution, encompassed the power to regulate navigation.

> la jirafa: the giraffe

> el loro: the parrot

> la tortuga: the turtle

> el cerdo: the pig

> la vaca: the cow

> la araña: the spider

> el tiburón: the shark

> la langosta: the lobster

hope that !