How does an immune response start after a macrophage attacks a pathogen

After the macrophage fails the Helper T Cell stimulates the B cells (create antibodies) if pathogen is extracellular and Cytotoxic T Cells (killer T cells, release perforin) if pathogen is intracellular. Once the pathogen is killed the B Cells create Memory B Cells and the Killer T Cells create memory T Cells.

Yes, this is very true. specifically causing damage in the  dentrite. 

Hiv can be transmitted through oral sex. you can get hiv through vaginal fluid and semen. if you have an open sore or cut in or near your mouth and an you get the semen or vaginal fluid of an infected person in those cuts or sores, you can get hiv