How do scientist measure the memory in psychology

here are four measures of retention: redintegration, relearning, recall, and recognition.

Redintegration is the process of assembling a complete memory on the basis of partial cues. An essay exam would be an example of a test of redintegration: the question contains a few partial cues or suggestions about how to structure the answer. If the student knows the material, she will be able to construct a complete answer from what she has retained from the course. Redintegration does not result in objectively quantifiable scores that researchers like to have for employing statistical analyses of data. (Indeed, note that the grading of essay exams is somewhat of a subjective procedure on the part of the instructor.) Within professional psychology, redintegration is more commonly employed within the context of psychotherapy.

Explanation:

Case Study: Ms. S was 20 when she came in for psychotherapy in 2002. The therapist determined that her present anxieties might be related to something that happened in her childhood, perhaps around the age of ten. Her therapist helped her begin to piece together a more complete memory of that time. At age ten she would have been in the fourth or fifth grade. Ms. S was able to remember her best friend at that time, and how she became very sick that year, and Ms. S herself began to worry that she herself might also become ill. The therapist also reminded her, that she would have been ten years old in 1992. That was a year after the Persian Gulf War. (Ms. S had no connection to that.) 1992 was the year of the Clinton - Bush - Perot presidential campaign. (Ms. S remembers doing a report on Ross Perot for school, but could not find any important associations with that.) 1992 was the year that the Atlanta Braves won the World Series against Toronto. Although Ms. S was not a baseball fan, this fact triggered a series of relevant memories. She remembers her step-father getting upset with her little brother because the child was making noise during the TV game. Ms. S then remembered that year was very difficult in terms of domestic strife: the stepfather and her mother soon separated, and they had to move to a smaller apartment in a worse part of town. These recoveries of memories led to other relevant tie-ins later.

the answer is c, the development of reading and writing in young children

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